Non è il nome di un quiz televisivo, ma quello dell’ultima riforma a carattere sperimentale del sistema pensionistico italiano, tanto voluta dalla Lega nel governo Conte uno. Consiste nella possibilità di andare in pensione con un’età minima di 62 anni e almeno 38 anni di contributi, la cui somma da esattamente 100. Chi ha 61 anni di età e 39 di contributi, deve attendere un anno prima di presentare la domanda di pensionamento. La particolarità di questa riforma consiste nella possibilità di andare in pensione per tutto il triennio 2019-2021 senza riduzioni delle somme erogate dall’INPS. Questa riforma crea gravi disuguaglianze nei confronti dei lavoratori che dovranno andare in pensione con la riforma Fornero, ovvero con 67 anni di età compiuti, a meno che non siano già in possesso di 41 anni di contributi per la richiesta di pensione anticipata.
Il nodo fondamentale riguarda la sostenibilità del sistema pensionistico italiano, che si basa sulla “solidarietà intergenerazionale”: i contributi versati oggi servono a pagare le pensioni degli attuali pensionati (maturate perlopiù con il sistema retributivo, ovvero come percentuale delle ultime retribuzioni) e non vengono accantonati per il singolo lavoratore come accade in Germania. Per i tedeschi il sistema contributivo è personale, quindi ogni lavoratore accumula negli anni i propri contributi che riceverà sotto forma di rendita quando andrà in pensione, in proporzione a quanto ha versato.
La variabile che garantisce il corretto funzionamento di un apparato pensionistico come quello italiano è invece il tasso di crescita della popolazione nel tempo, a parità di tasso di occupazione. Ciò significa che una popolazione più longeva richiederà l’erogazione della pensione per un tempo maggiore e ciò potrà essere garantito a lungo solo se le nuove generazioni produranno contributi a sufficienza. E l’Italia, si sa, non spicca per crescita demografica: anzi, l’ISTAT ha certificato che nel 2019 è entrata in declino demografico per la prima volta dopo 90 anni.
Qui si apre un altro spunto di riflessione: è giusto impiegate abbondanti risorse finanziarie per mandare in pensione anticipata gli anziani, quando la popolazione non fa più figli? Non sarebbe forse più lungimirante investire nelle nuove generazioni, riformando il sistema pensionistico e portandolo a una maggiore efficienza? Sono temi caldi che spostano l’ago della bilancia alle elezioni politiche, forse un così spiccato interesse verso la popolazione anziana è determinato anche dalla scarsa partecipazione dei giovani alla votazioni. Ai posteri l’ardua sentenza.
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